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Aneurysm

What are intracranial aneurysms?

Intracranial aneurysms are localized pathological dilatations of cerebral arteries. Most intracranial aneurysms are saccular or berry aneurysms, whereas dissecting, fusiform, infectious, traumatic, and oncotic aneurysms are much rarer. Saccular, or berry aneurysms, correspond to lobulated focal outpouchings of the wall of the arteries of the circle of Willis. Current opinions suppose that intracranial aneurysms result from a combination of hemodynamic stresses and acquired degenerative changes within the arterial wall

 

How does aneurysm presents?

Aneurysms may present as

  • Rupture of the weak wall of such aneurysms mainly resulting in subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), experienced as ''the worst headache of life'' by patients.
  • Mass effect, causing cranial nerve symptoms.
  • Asymptomatic, incidentally detected during imaging done for other reasons.
  • It is accepted that about 3% to 5% of the population harbour an intracranial aneurysm.
  • One in every 20 strokes is caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage from rupture of intracranial aneurysm.
  • Because the disease strikes a fairly young age and is often fatal the loss of productive life years is similar to that for cerebral infarction or intra cerebral hemorrhage.

What are complications of SAH?

Many patients don't survive initial hemorrhage or suffer significant brain injury due to the haemorrhage. Those who survive have high chance of repeat bleeding which can be fatal in as high as 70-80% of cases. Even if the aneurysm is repaired before rebleeding, 15% of patients who survive the initial hemorrhage develop ischemic strokes or die from the development of cerebral vasospasm. Non-Neurological Complications often occur in patients with SAH. These include fever, anemia, hypertension and hypotension, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia/hyponatremia, hypomagnesaemia, cardiac failure and arrhythmias, and pulmonary edema and pneumonia. Therefore these patients needs intensive care management so as avoid and mange such problems.

What are Diagnostic Recommendations?

  • CT scan should be performed in suspected SAH. However, CT can be negative in some cases particularly if it is done few days after the event.
  • Although MR is quite sensitive if performed appropriately and interpreted by an experienced radiologist, SAH is frequently missed
  • Selective cerebral angiography should be performed in patients with SAH to document the presence and anatomic features of aneurysms
  • MR angiography or CT angiography may be considered when conventional angiography cannot be performed in a timely fashion.

What Are Management Recommendations?

SAH is a medical emergency that is frequently misdiagnosed. A high level of suspicion for SAH should exist in patients with acute onset of severe headache. Patient of SAH are to be managed in ICU with good neuroanaesthetic support and management. Early aneurysm treatment should be performed to prevent repeat bleeding.

Surgery (clipping) vs embolization (coiling)

Surgery has been the conventional method of aneurysm treatment. Surgery entails direct exposure of the aneurysm, the parent vessel(s) and surrounding structures. The aneurysm is then secured by the placement of a metallic clip along the neck thereby excluding it from the circulation. Problems with surgery include invasiveness and trauma to normal brain parenchyma.

Other treatment option is of endovascular embolization (coiling) of Aneurysms. In this treatment a microcatheter is placed from one of the leg arteries in to the aneurysm, which is then occluded with coils (usually detachable platinum coils) so as to prevent repeat bleeding. Advantages: Since coiling is a minimally invasive technique it is less likely to result in injury to brain parenchyma. It is associated with

International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial Study (ISAT)

  • Randomized, prospective, international controlled trial Compared policy of neurosurgical clipping with a policy of endovascular treatment in aneurysms deemed suitable for either therapy.
  • 9559 patients screened, 2143 (22.4%) were randomized and the difference in the risk of dependency or death between the two groups was compared.
  • Results: at 1 year, the outcome was much better in the coiling group with relative risk reduction of 22.6% as compared to surgical patients.
  • The early survival advantage was maintained for up to 7-years.
  • The risk of epilepsy was substantially lower in patients allocated to endovascular treatment. The risk of late rebleeding was minimally higher (0.16%). The better outcome in coiling group was inspite of minimally increased risk of rebleeding.

Are broad neck aneurysms amenable for coiling?

Most of the broad neck aneurysms can be treated by coiling, with use of 3D and complex coils. These coils are stable even in broad neck aneurysms. SAH is a medical emergency that is frequently misdiagnosed. A high level of suspicion for SAH should exist in patients with acute onset of severe headache. Patient of SAH are to be managed in ICU with good neuroanaesthetic support and management. Early aneurysm treatment should be performed to prevent repeat bleeding. Some cases require balloon assistance or stent placement Balloon assisted coiling for broad neck aneurysm- concept- a balloon is inflated temporarily at the neck of the aneurysm to hold the coils. Stent assisted coiling of broad neck aneurysm- a stent is placed across the neck of a broad neck aneurysm so as to hold the coils and reconstruct the artery

What are flow diverters? When do we use flow diverters?

Flow diverter is a stent with a more tightly woven wire mesh and therefore less porosity. Flow diversion is an endovascular technique whereby instead of placing a device inside the aneurysm sac, such as with coiling, the device is placed in the parent blood vessel to divert blood flow away from the aneurysm itself. This technique is used to unruptured treat large or giant wide-necked and very small ruptured blister like aneurysms . Almost immediately after stent deployment the blood flow to the aneurysm sac is reduced, and complete closure of the aneurysm occurs between 6 weeks to 6 months after the procedure.Flow diverter restores original, natural blood circulation while providing permanent long-term occlusion.

Case-1 : Coiling / Embolization Of Basilar Top Aneursym

A 24-year old male presented with SAH due to basilar top aneurysm. A projection was seen from the top of the aneurysm indicating the rupture site. Coil embolization was performed with complete occlusion of the aneurysm (B). Post-embolization shows the coil mass (Yellow) in relationship to the parent vessel (red in colour).

Case-2 : Coiling / Embolization Of Broad Neck Acom Aneursym

A 24-year old male presented with headache due to large broad neck ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY (ACOM) aneurysm (A, B). Both anterior cerebral arteries were arising from the base of the aneurysm. Coiling was done with almost complete occlusion of the aneurysm (C, D). Coiling was done with complex 3D coils with any help of balloon or stent.

Case-3 : Coiling / Embolization Of Broad Neck Middle Cerebral Artery Aneursym

A 53-year-old female presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured right MCA aneurysm with a very broad neck. Coiling was done in the same sitting using 3D coils with complete occlusion of the aneurysm.

Case-4 : Coiling / Embolization Of Broad Neck Acom Aneursym

With balloon assistance A 48-year-old female presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a lobulated broad neck aneurysm of anterior communicating artery. The lobule near the neck was likely to be the rupture point. The aneurysm was coiled with balloon remodeling technique resulting in complete occlusion of the aneurysm and the lobule.

Case-5 : Coiling / Embolization Of Broad Neck Basilar Aneursym With Stent Assistance .

A 52-year old male presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a large neck basilar aneurysm. Since there was a danger of coil prolapse in to the parent vessel, a stent was placed from left PCA to the proximal basilar artery and thereafter the aneurysm was completely coiled .

Case-6 : Coiling / Embolization Of Very Small Aneursym

26-year-old lady with acute SAH due to a very small (1.8mm) left posterior cerebral artery aneurysm at the origin of the posterior choroidal artery. Although very small aneurysm present a challenge for interventionist, the aneurysm was coiled with the help of a balloon. The patient made a complete recovery and follow-up angiogram revealed stable result.

Case-7 : Coiling / Embolization Of Aneursym Associated With Severe Vasopasm

64-yr-old lady with SAH with drowsiness. Angiogram revealed a anterior communicating artery aneurysm (arrow) associated with severe vasospasm (thick arrow) of B/l ACAs. Such spasm indicated impending infarctions Intra-arterial dilatation followed by coil embolization done in same sitting with improved perfusion in the anterior cerebral artery territory.

Case-8 : Coiling / Embolization Of Broad Neck

Lobulated distal anterior cerebral artery (DACA) aneurysm. A 48-year old female presented with SAH due to a broad neck DACA aneurysm. Coiling was done with complete occlusion. This case shows that most distal aneurysms on small vessels can be treated by endovascular method (embolization).

Case-9 : Coiling / Embolization Of Very Small Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysm With Help Of 3D Angigography

A 57-years-old lady presented with repeated bleeding due to a a 2-mm aneurysm of right anterior choroidal artery (AChA) with the AChA arising from the aneurysm . With help of 3-D angiogram various projections were decided upon to profile the AChA and a very small detachable platinum coil (2-mm diameter and 1.5 cm long) was placed while sparing the anterior choroidal artery. Final angiogram showed that the AChA was well preserved while the aneurysm was thrombosed. Patient did well.

Case-10 : Flow Divertor Stent For Giant Fusiform Aneursym

A 28-year old male presented with gradual visual deterioration due to giant fusiform aneurysm of right internal carotid artery (A). Surgery was likely to be highly complicated in such a case and stent assisted coiling was unlikely to result in complete or stable occlusion. Patient was treated by stent placement along with flow divertor placement (B) resulting in complete aneurysm occlusion (C & D)

->Broad neck ACOM aneurysm Balloon asisited coiling Read More....

->Out of hospital management of Seizures Read More....

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